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6 



OCT 12 1915 




UJRDSEYE VIEW OF THE COLLEGE CAMPUS 



THE TRAIL BLAZERS. 



Work of the 
Trail Blazers 



The trail blazers, since wilderness was king, have been the men and women who 
have led the way to new fields of endeavor. They have been the pioneers who have 
pushed back the frontiers of human experience. In the realm of territorial space, 
by superior courage, confidence, and perseverance, they have 
held their courses through a series of perils as triumphant in 
their conclusion as they were picturesque and thrilling in their 
performance. In the realm of industry and science, they have braved the sneers 
of the incredulous and the hatred of the superstitious, in a long and plodding 
struggle toward the saving of human labor and the widening of human vision. 
In the realm of government and social service, they have left behind them, through 
their self-effacement and heroic sacrifices, institutions that have lifted the race to 
higher levels of happiness and holier heights of spiritual responsibility. The trail 
blazers, in short, have been the progress-makers of mankind. 

In the past, mere discovery of material resources, often of titanic proportions, 
made up the most startling and revolutionary contribution of those who left the 
beaten path and broke a trail into the Great Unknown. The revelation in the 
accounts of such navigators as Vasco Da Gama, the Cabots, 
De Soto, and La Salle, unrolled before the eyes of the world 
intoxicating possibilities of expansion. Daniel Boone blazed 
a trail from North Carolina to Kentucky, and soon the inland wilderness was 
dotted with the homes of settlers. Lewis and Clark, in their expedition from the 

1 



In Past 
Centuries. 




J : 4 
f * 




women's gymnasium from south end of science hall 



mouth of the Missouri to the mouth of the Columbia — 4,134 miles as they made 

it, through the great Lone Land and over the Rockies — added to settlement the 

enormous area of half a continent. Along their route, which is today traversed 

by a great trans-continental railroad, ten states, with a population of fifteen 

millions, have been erected. 

While the trail blazers of today have fewer physical triumphs to achieve on 

a vast scale than the discoverers of yesterday, their field of operations is still 

ample, and their services are quite as necessary as of old in redeeming their 

contemporaries from the ruts of conventionality. There are 
In the Present ,. 

Centurv no more continents to discover, it appears, yet the courage 

and persistence of a Columbus may even today penetrate as 

far into the unknown, and accomplish as momentous results, as the famous voyage 

of 1492. No captive nation may just now be fleeing out of Egypt to its promised 

land; yet a modern Moses in the person of Booker Washington may do as much 

for the redemption of his people in bringing them from degradation to manhood, 

from bondage to independence, as the biblical leader of old. The thrill that 

Balboa knew, "silent upon a peak in Darien," may never again be vouchsafed to 

mortal man, yet a Pacific Ocean which would bear up the prodigious modern 

fleets of capital and labor, employer and employed, — aye, and the dreadnoughts 

and submarines of the Powers of the earth, and still be an ocean of Peace, would 

be a discovery as devoutly to be wished and as perpetually celebrated as the 

2 




SCIEN'CE HALL KRI1M JEFFEHSON STREET 



achievement of the Spanish adventurer in 1513. There may be possible hereafter 
no mechanical invention as revolutionary in its effect upon industry as the reaper, 
the sewing machine, the cotton gin, the linotype, or the steam engine, but some 
system or device which would reduce the drudgery of the housewife or solve the 
problem of cheap transportation, whereby the desirable products that go to waste 
in one section of the country may be exchanged for equally desirable products 
raised in excess in some other section, would make immortal the name of its 
originator. No instrument to eclipse, in its own field, the telegraph, clicking off 
at lightning speed, from continent to continent, the thoughts of men; or the 
telephone, carrying the human voice, in a spark's duration, from ocean to ocean; 
or yet the wireless telegraph, whispering through the impalpable ether its doleful 
warning or its thrilling relief, may ever be added to the mechanical triumphs of 
the twentieth century. But wise men tell us — the elders of our time, octogenarians, 
sobered by the limitations of human achievement, yet decorated with the richest 
emblems of distinguished deeds — these men tell us, in all reverence, that one of 
the probable attainments of the present century will be intelligible communication 
with the other planets, possibly with the lower animals, surely with the souls of 
the departed. 

Chimerical do you say? So said the contemporaries of Copernicus when he 
announced his theory of a sun-centered universe; so said the skeptics in Field's 

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day, when he crossed the ocean fifty times in his effort to lay the Atlantic cable; 
Doubts of s0 sa '°- our complacent elders in the days of our boyhood when 



Yesterday and 
Today. 



the fascinating adventures of the Nautilus, "Twenty-thousand 
Leagues Under the Sea," or of the cloud-topping air-ship in 
Tom Sawyer, prompted us to inquire, with wide eyes, if it ever had been done, 
if it really could be done, and we received in answer a tolerant smile or an indulgent 
reference to "Darius Green and his flying machine." But today these same 
tolerant old people are zealously scanning the news columns for the expected 
account of a Zeppelin raid on England, or trying to keep up with the fabulous 
submarine warfare of the indomitable U-16. 

No; there's no use repeating Mrs. Partington's reactionary experiment with 
the broom, however impelling the energy of our doubts; for the tides of a pro- 
digious future will continue to break over our little barricades of present achieve- 
Routed bv ment and pile them up into the majestic mountain peaks of 

tomorrow. In the past century there was a greater advance 
in the condition of human life than in all the preceding one 
thousand years. Who shall say that the twentieth century will not tiring changes 
chat shall eclipse those of the nineteenth, even as those of the nineteenth century 
eclipsed those of the eighteenth. 

A century ago there was but an occasional investigator, solitary, working on 
his own resources, with only the most desultory contact witli what had gone 

4 



Achievements of 

Tomorrow. 




SCIENCE HALL FROM ADMINISTRATION PATH 

before; today there is an unorganized army of research workers, backed by the 
authority of the most august and responsible scientific associations, whose accum- 
ulated stores of information are available to all competent inquirers, and supported 
by adequate funds provided by private endowment, state appropriations, or 
federal donations. 

So comprehensive and so responsible has scientific investigation become, that 
a working knowledge of the future is a possible and practical thing. Science, 
in its observation of the laws of causation, has rapidly reached the stage where 
it can offer forecasts of the future as confidently and as accu- 
rately as it can chronicle the happenings of the past. The 
United States Weather Bureau is a comparatively recent 
evolution. Beginning as a branch of the War Department, it served at first only 
to give warning of threatened storms along the seaboard. Today, an independent 
bureau of the Department of Agriculture, it forecasts the weather conditions of 
the entire country, giving warnings of frosts, as well as storms, and guiding by 
its daily bulletins not only the momentous operations of commerce, but the 
complex activities of a national agriculture. It does not simply collect statistics 
and publish conditions of fact, though these arc responsible and valuable functions 
of the bureau: it analyzes facts and deduces probabilities. In other words, it 
foretells the future; it prophesies. 

5 



Forecasts of the 
Future. 




ADMINISTRATION BUILDING AND COOPERATIVE STORE 



Predictions of 
Science. 



Any science of today, in fact, that is worthy of that distinguished name, is 
capable of predicting the future. The Entomologist knows the life-history of 
the crop enemies of his particular field; he knows the general behavior of crops 
under the soil and weather conditions of his field ; and he knows 
the special poisons, preventive measures and precautions best 
calculated to kill the insect pest and foster the growing crop. 
So he prophesies. And in the great majority of cases, the man who heeds the 
prophecy is the one who raises the crop, while his incredulous or shiftless neighbor 
harvests nothing but husks and insect enemies. The Horticulturist — familiar 
with the laws of plant breeding, with its persistent tendency to transmit heredi- 
tary characters, but with its variations, "sports," and reversions — can cross and 
recross varieties of plants that he desires to modify, and even take short cuts by 
way of selection, and still quite confidently predict the resulting fruit or flower, 
though his hybrid plant may be many years in coming into blossom or bearing. 
The Animal Husbandman, scientifically trained in the principles of breeding, and 
expert through experience in determining the prepotency of his animals, as well 
as the dominant characters he wishes to transmit, rigidly keeps in view the ideal 
he would ultimately establish, anil works with security, albeit with indomitable 
patience, toward the goal that is the fulfillment of his prophecy — a superior 
and distinctive type of animal. 




AGRICULTURAL HALL 

And thus throughout the realm of science, prophecy is the test of integrity. 
The astronomer foretells with mathematical precision the recurrence of eclipses 
and comets. The soil analyst, bringing to his aid the sciences of physics, chem- 
istry, and bacteriology, prescribes the fertilizer, as well as the 
Test of Science solt °^ treatment, that will bring definite results with specified 

crops and cropping practices. The Agricultural Chemist, 
having analyzed the most desirable type of cured hops and thus determined the 
constituents necessary to perfection, studies the processes of curing, as well as 
the time and method of harvesting hops, and from this data, together with his 
acquaintance with the soil and climate, prescribes the program for arriving at the 
coveted goal. The science that cannot predict results, in fact, is frankly open 
to suspicion. 

Exceptions, do you say? True. There are possible exceptions, also, to the 
wisdom of obeying the ten commandments, and nature herself is no stickler for 
pure mathematics; but these peculiarities do not invalidate the working of the 
decalogue or the laws of the natural universe. 

The fact is, that the principles and practices of modern production, 
manufacture, and distribution have been pretty completely reduced to a 
science. Big Business was quick to recognize this fact, and rallied to its aid 
all the wizardry of the scientific specialist and his laboratory, assured, both 

7 




THE OLD HEATING PLANT AND MECHANICAL HALL. 

IN THE FOREGROUND 



COLLEGE-BUILT DRIVEWAY 



by theory and by actual practice, that the procedure would pay. And it has 
paid. Indeed, we are told, on the best authority, that the scientific utiliza- 
tion of the by-products of such an industry as meat packing or cotton manu- 

_. _ . facturing, produces an annual revenue sufficient to pay the 

Big Business * J 

Gains by Science, interest on the investment. These by-products, moreover, 
were not merely waste, they were worse than waste — an 
absolute menace to public health and comfort. Out of worse than nothing 
science has created self-support. 

The forces of commerce and even of merchandising have also been prompt 
enough to seize upon the teachings of science, even to the point of obeying the 
dictates of psychology and economics, neither of which is yet secure in its aspira- 
tions for scientific accuracy. But both commerce and merchan- 
The Producer ..... ... 

Has Held Back. (using, m spite ot severe restrictions imposed upon them by legis- 
lative enactments, have succeeded better under this kind of tute- 
lage than ever before in the history of trade. Only the producer, more especially 
the farmer, has been indifferent to the warnings and promises of science, or has been 
reluctant to put his faith in them. In spite of the most immediate, concrete, and 
substantial assistance on the part of the Federal government, and in spite of a gen- 
erally favorable attitude on the part of the state and local governments, the 
farmer has been last to be reached, last to be moved, and yet last to be given up. 

8 




THE MINES BUILDING, WITH WOODWORKING SHOPS IN BACKGROUND 



Must Be 
Reached. 



He cannot be given up. The whole .splendid superstructure of American 
civilization, with its cities, its railroads, its smoking manufactories, its engineer- 
ing feats, and its prodigies of invention, will collapse in dust at his feet the moment 
The Farmer *' na * ne ^ ans - That is why the helping hand is reached out 

to him all along the line from the whole height of the national 
congress and the multi-millionaire to the country bank and 
the village commercial club. It isn't charity that prompts this universal con- 
cern; it is intelligent self-interest, a plain case of ultimate bread and butter. 

Grant explained very frankly that an army travels on its belly. So does a 

railroad system, a city council, a merchant marine, and a stove factory. So does 

all civilization, however complex or refined. Hence the blockade of German 

ports by the Allies, and the submarine girdle about the Tight 
Ncccssi tv 
for Food Little Island. Where is Sunday's dinner coming from, and 

where is Tuesday's breakfast? These are paramount ques- 
tions in the world today, and they are as pertinent to America as to Europe. 
When the general average of crop production is declining throughout the land 
and the average cost of production is increasing, it is high time that somebody 
harpooned that hard fact and held it up to the light for attention. 

And at last the farmer is giving attention. He is giving attention, in 
the first place, by keeping records and counting the cost, a thing he formerly 

9 




AN AFTERNOON BAND CONCERT 



seldom did. He is giving attention, in the second place, by noting the kind and 
The Farmer quality of products the market demands, and doing the grad- 



is Giving 
Attention. 



ing himself. He is giving attention, finally, by evaluating his 
real estate at present worth, instead of at some ancient cost 
price; his hay and grain at market quotations, instead of as so much profitless 
produce to be fed to "boarding" animals without affecting either side of the farm 
ledger; and his own and his family's labor at prevailing rates of employment. 
He is giving attention to these things, in short, in counting the cost of his food 
stuffs, and he is looking for a decent compensation. In spite of the high price of 
food stuffs paid by the consumer, however, he is not receiving such compensation. 
In other words, he is not receiving a barely reasonable income for his investment 
and his toil. 

The causes and the remedies for this situation, except in so far as they concern 
the initiative of the farmer himself, it is not the purpose of this booklet to discuss. 
It is enough to remark here that the problem is not exclusively the farmer's. 
It is everybody's problem; for we are all either producers or 
consumers, or both; and in the end, no doubt, it will be every- 
body's problem to settle. But the agricultural college is con- 
cerned with it chiefly from the standpoint of the farmer and the home maker — 
the producer and the managing consumer. Here and there throughout the country 
a community is found that has already blazed a trail far along toward the settle- 
ment of this question, chiefly through cooperation and organization. Here and 
there in many communities an individual is found who is pioneering the way back 
to larger production and larger prosperity, chiefly through alertness in reading, 
in individual inquiry, and in appropriating the approved practices of the agri- 
cultural colleges and the United States Department of Agriculture. 

10 



The Occasional 
Pioneer. 




BETWEEN CLASSES ON THE EAST QUADRANGLE 



Colleges the 
True Leaders 



For the chief factor in this whole movement, naturally enough, is the agri- 
cultural college. In cooperation with the Federal Department of Agriculture, 
it has been in the past, what it must become in still larger measure hereafter, the 
Agricultural leader in the improvement of unused lands, in the utilization 

and conservation of natural resources, in the rejuvenation of 
worn-out soils, in the production of more varied and more 
abundant crops, in the distribution and marketing of products, and in the enrich- 
ment of the whole range of life on the land. This involves a wide field of effort 
and enlists the services of all the sciences. It was just such a field, however, that 
the conception of the founder of the land-grant colleges had in view. For Justin 
Smith Morrill, the American path breaker for a nationally endowed industrial 
education, and one of the greatest beneficiaries of agriculture that the nation has 
ever known — next to the author of the national homestead bill, probably the 
greatest — conceived these institutions not merely as trade schools, nor yet as 
exclusively agricultural colleges, but — in his own words — as "National Colleges 
for the advancement of general scientific and industrial education." In the ful- 
fillment of this broad function, especially after the establishment of the auxiliary 
experiment stations, the colleges devoted themselves, from the start, to the pro- 
motion of agriculture and the dissemination of constructive agricultural infor- 
mation. They were the first agencies in America to systematize crop rotation 
for soil building; first to restore worn-out soils by the use of nitrogen-gathering 
legumes; first to employ seed selection on a large scale for the improvement of 
plant varieties and crop yields; first to hybridize and top-graft selected fruit 
varieties with a view to the general betterment of horticulture; and first to demon- 
strate the value of scientific dairying and live-stock breeding. They have taken 
the initiative in the destruction of insect pests, in the prevention, eradication, or 
abatement of crop and fruit diseases, and in the correction of the evils incident 

11 




SHEPARD HALL, THE T. M. C. A. BUILDING 

to defective or excessive irrigation. They have led the way, through compre- 
hensive campaigns of extension, demonstration, and farm cooperation, for the 
spread of constructive agriculture to every county and every community in their 
respective states. The agricultural colleges, in short, have been the most dynamic 
and immediate forces in the past half century in restoring old types of agriculture 
to a profitable basis; in opening up new and more reliable sources of farm pro- 
duction; and in mutually relating agriculture, on the one hand, and science and 
industry, on the other, in such a way as to broaden and energize the whole indus- 
trial situation. 

In Wisconsin, for instance, to give a few generally-known examples in a state 
where statistics have been regularly compiled, the development of an improved 
type of barley has yielded an income of $12,000,000, and is still adding to this 
sum; the prevention of wheat smut has saved the farmers 
from $2,000,000 to $6,000,000 a year, the development of a 
new variety of corn has added 15,000,000 bushels of corn a 
year; and in the ten years from 1900 to 1910 the value of all farm property in the 
state increased over 74%; the number of its cows increased 47%; the annual value 
of its butter output 70%; its cheese product 86%; and its yield of corn from 25 
bushels to the acre, the average for the whole country, to 36 bushels to the acre. 
In Illinois, improvement of corn culture, following practices advocated by the 
Agricultural College, increased the yield five bushels to the acre, resulting in an 
increased income of $2,000,000 a year. The same sort of improvement of the 
corn crop conducted in Iowa by the Agricultural College, resulted in even more 

remarkable gains. In California, the destruction of orange scale saved the fruit 

12 



Specific 
Achievements. 




A T. W. C. A. DINNER IN SHEPARD HAI.I. 



growers $5,000,000 a year. In Oregon, the benefits derived from the Station's 
demonstrations of improved moisture conservation for the dry-farming areas of 
the State, have alone been worth more than the total sum that the State has 
expended on the College. 

Instances of the practical benefit of the experimental and research work of 
the College, often running into a money value of thousands of dollars, are multi- 
plied in the pages of this bulletin dealing with the work of the different depart- 
ments. But these more or less immediate results of experi- 
mental effort are often the least of the services that the in- 
vestigators, in library, laboratory, or field, are rendering to 
their institution and to the cause of science. Such results, while interesting and 
desirable, are often but the foam on the riffle of the stream, while the real gold 
of the washing is gathering in the hidden pocket for a future disclosure and use. 
It is truth that is essential, whether for today's application, or for use in the remote 
future. Benjamin Franklin expressed this well. To the critic who asked, con- 
cerning his kite and key experiment, "But of what use is it?" he replied, "Of 
what use is a new-born child?" 



Ultimate 
Results. 



13 



SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE. 



AGRONOMY. 



Over 40% of the agricultural products of Oregon fall under the classification 
of field crops — grains, hay, hops, root crops, and green forage. These yield a 
direct annual income of over fifty million dollars. Upon them depends an addi- 
tional income, through livestock, dairy, and poultry products 

ea ers lp in . millions. Obviously the College and Experiment 

Agronomy. J J 

Station have a large responsibility in fostering the vast in- 
terests involved in the growing of these products. The agronomy resources of 
the College, therefore — in trained experts, in laboratories, machinery, experimental 
and demonstration plats, branch stations, and cooperative farms — are propor- 
tionately important. The department since its organization has been an aggres- 
sive and dynamic factor throughout the State in the introduction of new crops 
that have proved productive, new farm practices that have made for profit, and 
improved methods of seed selection, crop rotation, and farm management that 
have added both wealth and comfort to the agricultural population of the 
State. It has repeatedly taken the initiative in demonstrating to the people of 
the Willamette Valley that many crops, such as clover and corn, which were 
reputed to be impossible of reliable growth in this region, were not only safe but 
conspicuously profitable crops where selected, local-grown seed was used and 
suitable cultural methods were employed. In sixteen years the annual production 
of clover seed, in response to the initiative of the College, has grown from nothing 
to a crop valued at two millions. 

In Crook and Sherman counties, by improved methods of tillage, the depart- 
ment has greatly increased the productivity of the soil. On land that would not 
grow alfalfa or field peas sown broadcast, because of lack of moisture, it has demon- 
strated that both crops can be grown in cultivated rows, with 

n * e r J~ advantages over the wheat crop commonly grown. It has 

shown that rotations of fodder corn, field peas, or alfalfa sown 
in drilled rows, with wheat, will save summer fallowing once in three years. It 
has adapted ten varieties of choice small grains and five varieties of potatoes to 
successful culture on these lands, and has secured regular yields of forage corn 
as high as sixteen tons of silage to the acre. 

When the branch experiment station of Eastern Oregon was established in 
1911 at Burns, on sage-brush prairie where the annual rainfall averages but llj^ 
inches, our agronomists, by a series of borings through the surface soil, which 
was devoid of perceptible moisture to a depth of six to nine feet, found that 

14 







AGRONOMY 

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVITIES ON THE COLLEGE AND BRANCH STATION FARMS 



an underground flow of water lay at a depth of ten to twenty feet below 

the surface. They promptly undertook the task of driving down the surface 

moisture, conserved by careful tillage, to meet this under- 

„ ground water table, which would thus become available, 

Conservation. & 

through capillary movement of moisture, for the nourish- 
ment of field crops. Within two years from the time this method was put into 
practice, 80 per cent of the two-hundrea acre tract so treated had responded 
adequately to the treatment; the surface moisture had joined the underground 
moisture, and the crops were noticeably improved. This discovery gives promise 
of remarkable achievements. Since vast tracts of tillable sage-brush land in Central 
Oregon are undoubtedly underlaid with an accessible water table like that on the 
station farm, similar methods of tillage promise to bring about similar results, 
transforming, throughout a wide area, a strictly dry-farm practice into what may 
safely be termed a sub-irrigated system of cropping.* 

The Oregon Agricultural College was among the first in the country to 
offer agricultural class instruction in Irrigation Farming. The laboratory for 
this work is the irrigated field on the College Farm, where the students learn to 
build wiers, measure water, lay out distribution systems, 
„ n r "^ " make cement pipe for laterals, and test pumping machinery. 

Experiments in irrigation methods for Willamette Valley 
conditions were begun at the College in 1907. They have since been regularly 
maintained and extended until they now number sixty plats and comprise nine 
different crops of standard varieties. Seven years' data covering these crops 
show a profit from irrigation with all but one of them. 

Results of the experiments may be readily indicated by giving a few specific 
instances. Corn has given an average profit of forty-three cents for each acre 
inch of water applied; kale, sixty cents; alfalfa, one dollar and sixty-five cents; 
clover, two dollars and seventy-one cents; carrots, six dollars and eighty-three 
cents; and potatoes, seven dollars and seventy-five cents. The average increase 
in yield by crops, in short, has been fifty-three per cent. The experiments have 
thus shown conclusively that irrigation may be successfully practiced on the well- 
drained silt loam and sandy loam soils of Western Oregon in connection with 
intensive dairying, hop growing, and truck gardening.! 

The College has been a consistent advocate of drainage for the heavy soils 
of the Willamette Valley and similar sections of the State, especially for the so- 
called "white lands." It has demonstrated that the proper tiling of fields is 
both an immediate and cumulative benefit to crops, allowing the working of the 
land at a more seasonable time, giving greater aeration to the soil, promot- 
ing sub-irrigation, and ultimately bringing about beneficial changes in the char- 
acter of the soil. 

•Station Bulletin 119. tStation Bulletin 122 

16 





17 



As a result of initiative steps taken by the College, drainage operations in the 

Willamette Valley have been exceptionally dynamic this spring. The United 

States Government, cooperating with the College, has assigned to this field a 

specialist from the Drainage Division of the Department of 
In Drainage t-i n ■ it-.- ^ 

Operations. Agriculture, following the Drainage Conference held at the 

College during Farmer's Week, moreover, a suitable district 
drainage proposal was submitted to the State legislature. This having become a 
law, petitions for the organization of drainage districts under its provisions have 
been rapidly put into effect. As a consequence, drainage operations in the Valley 
promise to be much more extensive, as well as much more thorough and scientific, 
than ever before.* 

Experiments in plant breeding, seed selection, crop improvement and pre- 
vention of diseases are a few additional problems that have occupied the attention 
of the student and faculty investigators in the department. Many of the students 

in crop improvement have been given opportunity to do a 
Problems certain amount of field selection of various plants in an 

attempt to develop the best types. An instance of the results 
of this method of experimenting, is the selection of a type of kale plant that shall 
have the largest amount of succulent and palatable foliage. Such a type of kale 
plant has been developed at the College, the seed of which is now in great demand. 
Another interesting problem in which the investigation of a Senior student 
taking special work in crops brought about positive results of value, was that of 
the honeydew of clover, a pest that has become a serious menace to this crop. 
The investigation showed that clover seed may be successfully freed from honey- 
dew without injury to its power of germination, if the seed is soaked for ten minutes 
in water at 96° Fahrenheit and then promptly removed and dried. 

Numerous other problems in this department that are enlisting the absorbed 
attention of bright young men and women are such as the germination of the 
hard seed of legumes, the effects of certain treatments for smut of cereals, the 
temperature at which seed corn can be most safely and rapidly dried, and field 
selection of certain types of potatoes and other plants. These are but instances 
of the simpler and more practical problems that engage the attention of students 
and teachers in a single department of the College. They suggest the challenge 
as well as the ample range, of the questions that cry for solution in the march 
toward agricultural efficiency. They call for brains and insight, as well as for 
patience and industry, and they involve the most implicit respect for the processes 
of nature. 

*A Station Bulletin concerning tins work is being prepared for publication. 



18 




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A SELECTION FROM THE SIXTY-DAY OAT THAT YIELDED 67 BUSHELS TO THE ACRE, ON 
DRY-FARMING LAND, IN 1914. A COLLEGE PRODUCT AT THE MORO BRANCH STATION 



ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. 

The Animal Husbandry department has made notable progress during the 
past few years in initiating and solving many problems of paramount importance 
to stock raisers in Oregon. Its work in growing and marketing meat animals 
Experiments in to tne greatest economic advantage, has met with pronounced 
Fattening success, both its beef cattle and its lambs topping the Portland 

market for the year and netting handsome profits. Experi- 
ments at the Eastern Oregon (Moro) branch experiment station, in fattening 
steers for market, demonstrate the value of various grain rations when fed 
in connection with alfalfa hay, as compared with an exclusive ration of hay. 
Experiments in fattening hogs have demonstrated also, beyond question, that 
the common practice of finishing hogs on grain alone is not an economical practice. 
Some supplementary feed, notably clover or alfalfa pasture or hay, is essential 
to rapid and profitable gains. Digester tankage has proved profitable, but the 
most surprising gains were made on alfalfa pasture as a supplement to a full grain 
ration, hogs finished in this manner netting a profit of $222 a carload over hogs 
finished on grain alone. Other experiments in hog feeding at this branch station 
have shown conclusively that field peas, fed green — when at the right stage for 
cooking — produce a remarkably quick-maturing and high quality of pork. Forage 
corn, experimented with at this station and at others of the branch stations and 
demonstration farms, has also proved a very profitable method of finishing hogs 
in the field. Experiments in the use of the self-feeder, especially when employed 
in connection with alfalfa or clover pasture, have demonstrated the efficiency 
of this device as compared with the usual method of hand-feeding for finishing hogs. 
Other investigations with swine have involved studies extending over a num- 
ber of years concerning inherited traits of fecundity, rapid maturity, economical 
fattening, and similar characteristics. Results of these inquiries will soon be 

ready for publication. These and numerous other investiga- 
Studies with ,.,,,, • • , .. 

Swine tions, not mentioned here, have been giving an emphatic 

impetus to the industry of growing hogs in Oregon, whether 
in the humid sections of the Willamette Valley and Coast Region or in the irri- 
gated and semi-arid sections of Central and Eastern Oregon. The general freedom 
from diseases, particularly hog cholera, throughout the State, and the ease with 
which forage crops, such as clover, alfalfa, field-peas, and corn can be grown, 
make this industry a convenient, safe, and profitable feature of all types of general 
farming, and particularly of dairying. 

For years the College has been rearing some fine specimens of Cotswold and 
Shropshire sheep, and has been a leading factor in the movement that has giveD 

20 




ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 

SPECIMENS OF THE COLLEGE LIVE STOCK. NEW STOCK BARN AT FOOT OF THE GROUP 




FRONT OK AGRICULTURAL HALL LOOKING SOUTH TOWARD WALDO HALL 

Oregon an enviable reputation as the home of well-bred and high-producing 

sheep. The possibilities of wool production in Oregon, as 

Sheen Industry we ^ as tne S row i n g °f lambs for a choice market, are as ample 

as the rich and varied grazing resources of the State, and as 

favorable as its mild and equable climate. 

The College has been a pioneer in its advocacy of pure-bred horses in Oregon; 
and in recent years has led a most vigorous and effective campaign for the stand- 
ardization of breeding practices in the State, including the elimination of mongrel 
sires. This work has already brought positive results, and 
has awakened such general and favorable support that the 
success of horse breeding in Oregon seems to be assured. 
With climate and crop conditions, throughout almost the entire agricultural 
portions of the State, as favorable for horse raising as in England or Belgium, it 
would seem that this decisive step in the direction of better breeding should place 
the State in an ascendant position in respect to raising fine horses. With the 
enlarged and insistent demand that is arising as a result of the European war, 
moreover, and that seems likely to increase the moment peace is concluded, 
because of Europe's imminent need of work horses, this campaign will doubtless 
anticipate, within the next decade, a very liberal harvest for Oregon horse breeders. 

22 



Striving for 
Better Horses 




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23 



DAIRY HUSBANDRY. 

Dairying in Oregon is an industry as varied as the chief geographical regions 
of the State. Each of the grand divisions of the commonwealth has climatic 
conditions and consequently crop conditions, peculiar to itself. Its dairying is 
peculiar, too. Tillamook, and other humid coast valleys, 
Problems ^ e n '" s °^ ^ e coas t range with their narrow mountain 

basins and gorges, the valleys of Southern Oregon, and the 
great Willamette valley, all have their cheese factories, their creameries, their 
condenseries or their local markets, and carry on a distinctive dairy industry. 
Aside from these principal dairy regions, there are certain localities here and there 
throughout the State — in the Blue Mountains, in Northeastern Oregon, in Crook 
and Klamath counties — where the dairy cow is contributing a generous share 
to the annual income of the farm. 

It is evident that so varied an industry, conducted under diverse conditions 
of climate, altitude, feed resources, and market facilities, involves correspondingly 
varied problems. These problems, the College has been vigorously assailing. 
In order to understand them to better advantage, a systematic 
Cam ten survey of the dairy resources of the State was recently made 

by the College specialists through various agencies. This 
revealed the fact that Oregon, in spite of her exceptional natural advantages, is 
in need of just such a campaign for dairy-herd improvement as has been carried 
on in Ohio, Wisconsin, and many other states. From the 174,000 cows used exclu- 
sively for dairy purposes in Oregon, it appears that the average production of 
butterfat is less than 200 pounds for each cow. Of the 18,500 herds of dairy 
cattle, only 1,200, or approximately seven per cent, are headed by pure-bred sires. 
This low average production, in the face of highly satisfactory returns where 
dairy practices are efficient, is found to be due to one or more of several causes; 
namely, the failure to eliminate from the herd the low-producing cows; the failure 
to obey proper feeding principles with some or all of the cows; the failure to pro- 
duce the right kinds of crops to the full capacity of the available land; and the 
failure to provide buildings properly arranged and constructed. 

To improve these conditions, the College Dairy department, through the 
Extension Service, in cooperation with the United States Department of Agri- 
culture, through the Dairy division, has been conducting a state-wide campaign 
for approximately two years. Results of these activities have 
Results been prompt and encouraging. During a single year under 

the supervision, direct or indirect, of the College representa- 
tives, twenty-nine silos, including six solid-wall concrete structures, with a total 
capacity of 1,926 tons, have been built throughout the State, at an average cost 
for each ton capacity of $2.56. This is but the beginning of a movement, coupled 

24 




DAIRY HUSBANDRY 

SPECIMENS OF THE GUERNSEY, AYRSHIRE AND JERSEY GROUPS, COLLEGE DAIRY HERD, WITH 
GLIMPSES OF THE NEW CONCRETE SILO, STOCK JUDGING, BUTTER MOLDING, AND MILK TESTING 



with that for the more general production of corn, that promises to give a new and 
telling impetus to profitable dairying in Oregon. 

In connection with this pioneering service on the part of the College dairy- 
men, assistance has also been rendered to farmers in the building of four modern 
dairy barns of the two-story, gambrel-roof type and four modern milk houses. 
A very general interest is developing throughout the State 

,,.„„„, in better dairy buildings, and the College Extension Service 

Equipment. 

is prepared to assist in promoting this interest by supplying 
to farmers who contemplate building barns, silos, or milk-houses, blue print 
plans, bills of material, and suggestions for guarding against mistakes com- 
monly made in erecting dairy buildings. Whenever possible, a representative 
of the College will respond to requests to visit the farms of the builders and 
give personal supervision in beginning construction. These services are given 
without cost to the farmers, in behalf of better dairy practices for Oregon, which 
must result ultimately in better health and greater prosperity for all her citizens. 
Dairy herd record keeping, another extension activity of the Dairy depart- 
ment, is still in its infancy in Oregon; but it is making a lusty growth, neverthe- 
less, and promises great things for more general economy in the conduct of the 

dairy business. During the past year, under the direction of 
R ' d j one of the College representatives, four dairymen, in different 

parts of the State, have been keeping systematic records of 
the daily feed and the daily milk-yield of their cows. Results have been striking, 
and the savings involved have compensated many times for the pains involved 
in the work. In one instance, the saving due to a change of ration from certain 
high-priced protein feeds to equally efficient substitutes, amounted to $30 for the 
herd during the first month following the change. But results are by no means 
confined to the individual dairymen who keep records of their herds. These men, 
often recognized as the most progressive in their respective communities, become 
examples of genuine, open-eyed prosperity in the dairy business, in contrast to 
an indifferent, hap-hazard method w-hich shuts its eyes to plain facts, and blindly 
suffers from year to year those leaks that in the end drain the farm of profits and 
sap rural life of its joys. 

Still another phase of the pioneering movement for a more thorough, sanitary, 
and permanently profitable dairy industry in Oregon is the institution in the 
public schools of the Dairy Record Contests, in connection with the Boys and 

Girls Industrial Clubs. Forty public schools in the Willamette 

„ „. Valley have installed Babcock testers for the use of the pupils 

Cooperation. • r * 

in carrying on their daily records of the herds at home. Regu- 
lation forms for keeping the records are supplied by the College Extension Service, 
and representatives of the Dairy department visit the schools as frequently as 
possible to supervise and assist the work. Enthusiasm for this undertaking is 

26 





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27 



general and sustained. It not only brings positive and beneficial results to the 
dairies that are concerned, it brings closer together the home and the school, 
and opens up new channels for the diffusion of progressive intelligence and co- 
operative ideas for community development. Best of all, it interests the school 
children, through the regular school work, in the economic problems of the farm, 
instills habits of searching and thorough work, and excites a just and intelligent 
pride in the occupation that most of them will ultimately pursue. It imbues 
them, in short, with the alert, inquiring spirit of the trail blazer; and gives assur- 
ance that from each of these school communities will ultimately go forth certain young 
people who will not only have the initiative to cut new paths, straight and clean, 
into the unknown or the unused fields of agriculture, but will have both the habit, 
and the disposition, to uphold the pine-knot of community effort. 

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 

Veterinary Medicine, a comparatively new department at the College, has 

already shown by its services to the institution and the State, that the hour was 

ripe for the establishment of this work. The public realizes today, as never 

before, that the ultimate elimination in human beings of such 

res lge o diseases as tuberculosis, is dependent upon the control of 

Veterinarian. 

these diseases in animals that furnish food for man, hence 

the skilled veterinarian has taken rank with the physician. The increased value 
of live stock, particularly registered animals, which amounts in many instances 
to twice that of a dozen years ago, has also made insistent the calls for a compe- 
tent veterinary surgeon. The larger prevalence of contagious diseases, moreover, 
due to the increased transportation of live stock, together with the efficiency of 
the government and state campaigns for the elimination of these diseases, through 
the medium of the licensed practitioner, has enlarged the field and the import- 
ance of the veterinarian. 

At the Oregon Agricultural College, instruction in veterinary medicine is 
offered primarily for the sake of giving necessary information to students in animal 
and dairy husbandry and in general agriculture, rather than to fit them for the pro- 
fessional duties of a veterinary, though the courses, taken in conjunction with those 
in agriculture, make an admirable preparation for the strictly professional work. 

While the duties of class instruction, clinical demonstrations, and extension 

appointments, consume most of the Veterinarian's time at the College, he has 

nevertheless done considerable work in investigating local diseases of live stock 

and has given particular attention to the general problem of 

e ennary sterility in cattle. Through conferences with cattle men, 

Work at O. A. C. J ° 

farmers, and others interested in upbuilding the live-stock 

industry, moreover, he has exerted a constructive personal influence toward 

conserving the health and integrity of the live-stock herds of Oregon. 




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29 



HORTICULTURE. 

The Division of Horticulture has been developed to proportions commen- 
surate with the importance of the horticultural resources of the State. An in- 
dustry, the combined products of which amount to the grand total of ten million 
dollars annually, naturally involves many important and corn- 
Horticulture P' ex P r °bl ems > requires the services of many experts to safe- 
guard and guide its progress, and demands instruction for 
hundreds of youths from various parts of the State. These functions the division 
is adequately prepared to perform. The division comprises several types of work, 
such as Pomology, Vegetable Gardening, Landscape Gardening and Floriculture, 
besides Special Research, and includes also the branch experiment stations at 
Umatilla, Southern Oregon, and Hood River. It carries on, in addition, a regular 
program of horticultural extension. 

While only one section of the Division of Horticulture is primarily devoted 
to research and investigation, pursuing, in many instances, highly technical 
problems that are fundamental to the tasks that the division is striving to work 
out, all its resources are really enlisted in the work of investigation, in bringing 
toward solution the horticultural problems of the State. At different times the 
Division has had under investigation problems that have yielded such results 
as are briefly summarized in the following statements. 

Frost fighting and orchard irrigation investigations in the Rogue River Valley, 
conducted between the years 1907 and 1912, led to definite conclusions of posi- 
tive value to the fruit growers of Southern Oregon. These conclusions were sum- 
marized in two Station publications.* 

The Pollenation Problem, which has now been under investigation by the 
horticultural experts of the College for over eight years, and has yielded significant 
results, is still in progress. Several publications, issued from time to time, have 
summarized the results of their researches, so far as facts 
Problem were determined in the particular instances. f The essential 

points of practical value to the general fruit grower, may be 
briefly suggested in a few statements. All varieties of pome fruits, especially 
apples and pears, even though the varieties are termed self-fertile, are benefitted 
by having other varieties planted with them as pollenizers. One variety as a 
pollenizer for another will serve as well as twenty varieties; hence promiscuous 
variation is unnecessary for pollenation and inconvenient for practical orchard- 
ing. The kind of pollen used has nothing to do with the color, flavor, or quality 
of the fruit; for pollenation affects chiefly only three important factors; namely, 

•Station Bulletins 110, 113. 

tStation Bulletins 104, 116, 129; Research Bulletin 1; Circular 20. 

30 




HORTICULTURE 

SHOWING VARIOUS VIEWS OF THE 1914 "HORT. SHOW" AT THE COLLEGE, WITH TREE PLANTING, 
LABORATORY PRACTICE IN VEGETABLE GARDENING. AND ORCHARD PRUNING 



size of fruit, percentage of set, and uniformity. Precautions to be observed in planting 
different varieties for pollenation purposes, are that the varieties must bloom at 
the same time, must have an affinity for one another, must be good pollen pro- 
ducers, and must be commercial varieties. 

Concerning the pollenation of the sweet cherry, careful investigations have 
brought out the following facts, which are of the utmost importance to all cherry 
growers in the Pacific Northwest. All varieties of the commercial sweet cherry 

are self-sterile, and certain of these varieties most commonly 
Sweet Cherries cultivated for the market; namely, Bing, Lambert, and Royal 

Ann, are inter-sterile. It follows that these varieties of cher- 
ries must necessarily be pollenated by other varieties, among which the most 
successful pollenizers proved to be Black Republican, Black Tartarian, and Water- 
house, together with a number of seedlings. The latter, however, cannot be 
relied upon as safe pollenizers unless subjected to individual tests. 

Investigations in strawberry, cherry, prune, and apple breeding, which are 
closely allied to the pollenation investigations, have been under way for several 
years, the object being to develop superior types of these fruits. Extensive 

experiments with two hundred varieties of strawberries, con- 
SeTe tin ^ ducted during the past six years with the aim of determining 

the best variety of strawberry for various purposes in Oregon, 
have shown that very few of the popular varieties of this fruit can measure up 
to the existing standard that a great fruit-growing state like Oregon demands. 
Only six varieties are considered worthy of direct approval for specific purposes.* 
Researches and investigations in the handling of the fruit crop§ and in utilizing 
fruit and vegetable by-products** have been embodied in popular bulletins, as 
have also the preliminary results of special investigations with loganberry by- 
products, f From the latter investigations it appears that one of the most 
attractive uses of the loganberry is for juice, which, as a beverage, has superior- 
ities over the more popular grape juice. 

Other researches of the Horticultural experts, results of which are not yet 
concluded, concern the culture of walnuts, the control of fruit-pit of apple, and 
the subject of orchard economics. The latter study, a searching and compre- 
hensive survey, will be of the utmost importance to the practice of horticulture. 

Horticultural experiments at the branch stations, though these were estab- 
lished only in recent years, are already proving valuable. At the Umatilla branch 
station, five-years investigations with wind-breaks and hedges designed to protect 
The Branch growing crops and farm houses from the evils of drifting 

Stations sand and hot summer winds, have resulted in definite recom- 

Contribute. mendations embodied in bulletin form.t From the same 

branch station also, as a result of experiments covering five years of successful 

"Crop Peat Report 1913-14. 'Station Bulletin 132. 

§College Bulletin 118. "College Bulletin 128. tStation Bulletin 117 

IStation Bulletin 125. 

32 



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VIEWS OF MT. JEFFERSON, KING OF CENTRAL CASCADES, A Day's JOURNEY FROM THE COLLEGE 



culture, have recently been issued recommendations concerning the growing of 
grapes under irrigation, with particular reference to commercial production, in 
the light soils of Northeastern Oregon.* Other investigations of the Umatilla 
branch experiment station that promise to lead the way to new farm practices 
of permanent importance to northeastern Oregon are those concerning the use 
of green manure crops in improving sandy soils,** variety tests of cane fruits and 
of strawberries, irrigation experiments with apple trees and other crops, and 
several soil-building experiments. 

The horticultural work of the Southern Oregon branch experiment station, 
located at Talent in Jackson county, has led to the discovery of means whereby 
all the advantages of commercial fertilizers for the growing of alfalfa as a cover 
crop or for hay, may be secured at a saving of 75% of the cost of such fertilizers.! 
For the control of pear blight, the worst enemy of the pear industry in Southern 
Oregon, the station is making the most searching and sustained efforts, chiefly 
toward discovering varieties and stocks resistant to the disease. To this end, 
four hundred varieties of pears are being tried out, and indications already point 
to four varieties which are blight resistant. These are being propagated as rapidly 
as possible, and if they prove resistant to blight, they will be offered for general 
cultivation. To this end, also, root stocks have been collected from all parts of 
the world, and as they show resistance to blight are being top-grafted with com- 
mercial varieties, to determine whether the bodies of these trees will also remain 
free from blight. Success in these experiments will mean the safeguarding and 
perhaps the doubling of the pear industry of Oregon, which represents, in the 
southern counties alone, an investment of ten million dollars. The ultimate 
importance of this pioneering work is almost beyond estimate. 

Additional investigations conducted on a large scale at this branch station 
have as their goal the production of a strain of pears, prunes, and other fruits 
devoid of the particular defects that now impair the absolute excellence of some 
of our choice commercial fruits, and possessing the distinctive qualities for which 
these varieties are already famous. | 

Investigations at the Hood River branch experiment station, which were 
begun only in 1913, have not yet been in progress long enough to warrant definite 
conclusions; but results of one-year experiments with orchard fertilizers, shade 
crops, root systems, etc., give promise of some very interesting recommendations 
when the investigations are completed. X 

•Station Bulletin 126. 

"Station Bulletin 120. 

tReport of the Southern Oregon Branch Experiment Station. 1915, 

tReport of the Hood River Branch Experiment Station, 1915. 



34 



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3.5 



POULTRY HUSBANDRY. 

The department of Poultry Husbandry, in the course of several years of in- 
vestigative work, has broken quite a number of idols piously upheld by the fanciers 
of the domestic fowl. As a result, a new standard has been erected in the lists 
of the poultry world — the standard of production, rather than 
• pi w in plumage; efficiency, rather than fine points. Not how stylish 
you look, but how well you lay, is the new note of approval 
in addressing biddy Barred Rock or biddy Brown Leghorn. Not how impeccably 
perfect your top-knot, or how luxuriously draped the foliage of your hackle or 
your saddle, but how rapidly you take on the proportions of a good "fry" or how 
surely you possess the prepotency to transmit this tendency, or the egg-laying 
tendency, to your progeny, is the latter-day word of praise for the cockerel, be 
he Wyandotte, Minorca, or Rhode Island Red. 

This upheaval in the traditions of the poultry world, has been due chiefly to 

the patient industry, and the imaginative foresight, of the head of the Poultry 

department of the Oregon Agricultural College. His experiments in breeding 

for egg-production brought about not only the two greatest 

' " .' s or individual egg-records for a single year — 291 eggs for hen 

Champions. 

"C-543" and 303 eggs for hen "C-521"— but also the greatest 
individual record of production for four consecutive years, 819 eggs for a Leghorn. 
They have shown, moreover, by repeated results running through a large number 
of flocks of different lineage, that the faculty of producing eggs is inherited, and 
may be conserved in a flock by judicious selection and breeding. Pursuing these 
experiments on a broad scale, he has bred up from year to year large numbers of 
cockerels for distribution to the poultry raisers of the State — fowls descended 
from good layers, and capable of transmitting the laying quality to their off- 
spring. In this way, a far-reaching movement is inaugurated for increasing the 
egg-production of the entire commonwealth — not by nap-hazard practices, but 
by a tried and scientifically accurate method of breeding. At the P. P. I. Expo- 
sition the O. A. C. layers rapidly took their place at the head of all competitors. 
Add to these striking achievements — the report of which is already world- 
wide — the department's discoveries in respect to housing chickens — fresh air 
without draughts — its discoveries in economical feeding, both for eggs and for 
meat, its investigations in incubation, in preparing poultry products for market 
and in marketing these products — and you have an idea, albeit brief and inade- 
quate, of the comprehensive services of the department in breaking trails into 
new regions of the kingdom of poultry raising. 

36 




POULTRY HUSBANDRY 



' 



POULTRY BREEDING PENS, UTILITY POULTRY BUILDINGS, AND JUDGING FOWLS, TOGETHER WITH 
THE WORLD'S LONG DISTANCE LAYER (819 EGGS IN FOUR YEARS) AND HER PEDIGREED SON. 



BACTERIOLOGY. 

The department of bacteriology has been a leader in many efforts that have 
resulted in better living conditions throughout the State. Its work for sanitation 
in dairy practices, in the handling of household wastes, and in the disposal of 
sewage; its development and distribution of pure cultures of yeast, vinegar, and 
butter starters; its service in the inoculation of legume seed for the improvement 
of the crop and the nitrification of the soil, and its work with poultry diseases — 
all have been initial efforts in this State and have wrought undoubted benefits. 

Realizing the far-reaching importance of the effect of bacteria in restoring to 
the soil that most essential plant-food element, nitrogen, the department has 
carried on a careful series of experiments to learn the particular needs of the 
different types of Oregon soils. It has been found, as a result of this investiga- 
tion, that different types of our soils require radically different treatments in 
order to assist the chemical processes whereby nitrogenous organic matter is 
transformed by the activities of bacteria into available plant food. The applica- 
tion of lime, for instance, had almost an opposite effect upon bacterial activity 
of soils at Hermiston and Corvallis. In the soils of Clatskanie the effect of lime 
was found even more marked than in Corvallis, increasing the nitrifying power 
400%. These studies, which are preliminary to more fundamental investigations 
in the problem of soil fertility in Oregon, give promise of yielding scientific informa- 
tion of the greatest value.* 

Present problems of the department deal with the activities of soil bacteria 
as related especially to protein matter broken down from plant tissues which 
are decomposed in the soil. To find out if possible which of the "end products" 
resulting from the breaking up of proteins in the soil, are beneficial and which 
are deleterious to crops, and thus to determine one of the most important steps 
in humus formation, is the object of a set of experiments now in progress by the 
department in cooperation with the department of chemistry. This is a new 
line of investigation, and results, when they are achieved, should be of decided 
value in increasing the fertility of our soils. 

The department is also carrying on experimental work with a view to ascer- 
taining the different amounts, kinds, and conditions of soil acidity which damage 
the growth of our leguminous plants, such as peas, beans, alfalfa, vetch, etc., and 
the bacteria which are necessary for the successful growth of these plants. 

The work of the department dealing with poultry diseases falls under two 
main heads; (a) the effort to control that most prevalent and disastrous scourge 
to Oregon poultry, white diarrhea, and (b) a campaign for the elimination of 
fowl tuberculosis. Both of these diseases are so common, and have so degener- 
ating an effect upon the vitality of the flocks which they infect, as well as so threat- 
ening an influence upon the health of human beings, that the investigations are 
eminently worth while. t 

"Station Bulletin IIS. tCollege Bulletin No. 99. 

38 



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BACTERIOLOGY 

SHOWING MINIATURE VIEWS OF STUDENT LABORATORIES TOGETHER WITH PICTURES OF SEED 
INOCULATION WORK, SOIL INVESTIGATIONS, AND SOIL TESTING 



BOTANY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY. 

The department of Botany and Plant Pathology is peculiarly devoted to 
problems of research and investigation. Its function, like that of the depart- 
ment of Chemistry, is to deal chiefly in fundamental principles, in primary pro- 
cesses, and in the essential manifestations of plant life, both 

Contributions in health and di sease . it has been a leading factor in the 

to Science. 

investigation of the crop, fruit, and plant diseases of the 

Pacific Northwest, and through its contribution to the pathological literature, 
as well as its conduct of departmental work, has won general recognition as among 
the foremost departments of botany and plant pathology in the entire West. 
As an instance of the recognition the department is receiving for its recent con- 
tributions to pathology, mention may be made of the election of the head of the 
department to the position of president of the first pathological association formed 
west of the Rocky Mountains. 

Among the problems that the department has been first to investigate or first 

to carry into the dawn of final solution in the Pacific Northwest are Bacterial 

Gummosis of cherry trees, Anthracnose of apple trees and cane fruits, Fire blight 

of pear and quince, Peach leaf curl, Brown rot of stone fruit, 

Problems that Pay Mushroom root rot of fruit trees, a Pacific Coast rust attack- 
Big Dividends. 

ing pear and quince, Late blight and Scab of potatoes, and 

Downy mildew of lettuce, onions, tomatoes, etc. Methods of control evolved 
in the course of these investigations give promise of affording effectual relief from 
the ravages of many of them, notably that worst enemy of the young cherry tree, 
bacterial gummosis. While most of the investigations have not yet been con- 
cluded, they have progressed far enough to give assurance that the State's in- 
vestment in this work will be repaid a thousand fold in the saving of future crops, 
and that our most feared diseases of plants and fruits must ultimately be routed 
by the vigilant and resistless warfare of science. 

"The establishment of the Agricultural and Mechanical Colleges was a revolt from the older 
education. That education set its face toward the past, and occupied itself ivith books; it was the 
desire of the newer education to set the pupil into relations with his environment, and to teach him 
things as well as concepts." — Dean L. H. Bailey, Cornell University. 

"The development of the experiment station in the full tide of the nation's prosperity, came 

n response to the demand for research work and for a basis of fact scientifically attested, which 

would be the foundation, not only of instruction in the colleges but of improved methods on the 

farm. The accelerated progress in these colleges from the date of the Hatch act is too obvious to 

call for explanatory comment ." —President W. 0. Thompson, Ohio State University. 

"All things considered, the outlook is for a glorious future, and the historian fifty years hence 
will discharge a pleasant duty in making record of the richest half-century of human progress along 
agricultural and humanistic lines, to the accomplishment of which the American agricultural 
college will have contributed its full and proper share." — Dean Eugene Davenport, College o 
Agriculture, University of Illinois. 

40 




STUDENTS ENGAGED IN PLANT PATHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 




LABORATORY RESEARCHES 

BOTANY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY 




COUNTY AGRICULTURISTS AND U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIALISTS 
IN CONFERENCE AT THE COLLEGE 

ENTOMOLOGY. 

Five-sixths of all living beings are insects. Of these, by far the greater num- 
ber are injurious to vegetation or parasitic upon the higher animals. Incalculable 
damage befalls the growing crops of each recurring season, because of the ravages 
of myriads of insects, many of them so small as to defy inspection by the naked 
eye. Without the aid of a vigilant and uncompromising warfare on the part of 
entomologists throughout the country insects would soon reduce the crops to the 
point of starvation for the human race. In a climate as mild as that of most sec- 
tions of Oregon, moreover, where frosts are rare or light, the need for a constant and 
vigorous attack upon our insect enemies is even greater than in climates where the 
cold of winter slays most of the annual horde of crop pests. Hence the paramount 
importance of the work of the department of Entomology at the Oregon Agri- 
cultural College — in protecting domestic animals and fowls, in safeguarding the 
crops of the field, and in clearing the orchard of its many destroying insects. 

The work of the department has been notable for many years, contributing 
some of the most effective safeguards to the science of insect control on the Pacific 
Coast. Its investigations of the San Jose scale, tent caterpillars, the codling moth, 
strawberry root weevil, bud moth, garden slugs, onion thrips, and aphis — to name 
only a conspicuous list of researches — have made positive contributions to the know- 
ledge of these insects and the methods of controlling them. The department has 
also done constructive work in the study of bee-keeping in Oregon, and is exerting 
a stimulating influence in fostering all profitable phases of the apiary industry. 

42 




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? 



FIELD WORK IN ENTOMOLOGY 




A BUSY LABORATORY IN PURSUIT OF INSECT PESTS AND IN THE WORK OF FOSTERING THE 

HELPFUL INSECT 

ENTOMOLOGY 
43 



ZOOLOGY. 

The peculiar charm in the study of biology lies in the pursuit of knowledge in 
the field of living things, the study of life itself; and the study of zoology has an 
even more vital fascination for man because the intimacies of human interest are 
brought so acutely in contact with the problems of animal life. 

A zoologist is first of all an observer. His primary business is to see things, 
to take note of occurrences in the animal world, to examine into the nature of 
animal phenomena and to record these observations. His secondary business is 
to search into the causes of zoological phenomena. He must examine the mechan- 
ism of the organism, determine its function, analyze its composition. 

For original study of zoology, Oregon is a virgin field. Here, more conspicu- 
ously than elsewhere, the fields of zoology still remain unexplored. Oregon's vast 
areas of valley, mountain, and plain are as yet scarcely touched by the systematist 

and the ecologist. As to the birds and mammals of the State, 
Problems wno knows what they are? New species are being reported 

every year. Science is crying for more facts in this field. The 
economic interests of the State demand a detailed knowledge of the distribution, 
habitats, and habits of these animals of the field, the forest, and the waters. Does 
the balance sheet of the Brewer's Black Bird show a profit or a loss at the end of 
the year? What does the mole eat? Does the coyote kill off enough jack rab- 
bits to warrant keeping him at large in the back lot? Do the salmon hatched in 
one stream return to the same stream to spawn? What is a "Salmon Trout"? 
What valuable but unutilized fishes live in the sea? Do the sea lions destroy food 
fishes? Whoever can answer one of these questions to the satisfaction of science 
will not go unrewarded. 

Other zoological problems that are conspicuously worth investigating for the 
scientific aspirant of the Pacific Northwest are the following: What are the con- 
ditions that render the Eastern oyster incapable of reproducing in the Pacific 

waters? What factors are involved in determining the routes 
Challenge Solution. 0I seasonal migrations among birds? What are the effects of 

various poisons and narcotics on the vital capacities of various 
mammals? What is the influence of untoward environment in heridity? How 
are form and function correlated in heridity? How do temperatures, pressure, 
and light affect the development of animal organisms? He who has the persever- 
ance to pursue any one of these problems to the point where a ray or two of 
light may filter through, will be adequately taken care of by the scientific world. 



44 





ZOOLOGY 

TWO LABORATORY EXERCISES IN DIFFERENT COURSES OF STUDY 

45 



fin if "■: Hirers 

| nnnj ffff bb fc&.^ 







EAST WING OF HOME ECONOMICS BUILDING 

CHEMISTRY. 

No science during the past century has contributed so much to the funda- 
mental progress of agriculture as has chemistry. It has revealed the true com- 
position of the soil and its relation to plant food. It has discovered the methods 
of utilizing plant food and of conserving it for future growing seasons. It has 
established, by experiment, the habits of plant growth and the chemical changes 
that take place during plant growth. It has successfully demonstrated the laws 
of animal nutrition, and has thereby enabled the animal husbandman and the 
dairyman to exercise great economy in the use of nutrients. It has revealed the 
methods whereby organic nitrogen is prepared for plant food, and some of the 
ways in which atmospheric nitrogen enters into organic combination. It has been 
intimately associated, in short, with nearly every line of agricultural progress, and 
is still pioneering the way to new, more profitable, and more inspiring conquests. 

The department of Agricultural Chemistry at the College has shared liberally 
in the original contributions of this science to the betterment of agriculture, and 
of human life in general. The mere enumeration of the bulletins which it has 
issued, either independently* or in cooperation with other departments of the 
College, would suggest the scope and worth of its work. But its services go 
beyond the subject matter of such investigations, which are fundamental to 
progress in many other lines of effort at this institution, and often in the labora- 
tories of other similar institutions throughout the world. The department, in 
short, is a good example of those service departments of an experiment station 
whose work, as far as ultimate results are concerned, is so intricately involved 
with that of other departments, that its true value may never be appreciated by 
the public, or even known to many beyond the circle of scientific workers. 

*' »ne fourth of all the bulletins of the Station have been the work of the Station chemists. 

46 




AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY 

INVESTIGATION WORK WITH SOILS AND WITH INCUBATION OF CHICKS 



SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING. 

Exceptional opportunities for pioneering service in Engineering are afforded 

by Oregon in particular, and by the Pacific Northwest in general. Conditions 

here are still in the making, and few of the phases of engineering work have been 

reduced to extreme specialization as in the more settled corn- 
Peculiar Needs . . _ _., , ._,.., 
in Oregon mumties ol the East. I he departments of Engineering that 

are conspicuously needed in the upbuilding of Oregon's re- 
sources, especially in the utilization of her great natural wealth, are mechanical, 
highway, irrigation, sanitary, electrical, and civil. The mechanical industries 
are still in their infancy in this State so far as great manufacturing enterprises 
are concerned, but the need for college-trained mechanics, especially those pos- 
sessed of initiative and constructive ability, is far greater than the supply. 

The school of Engineering therefore aims to train men primarily for all-around 
duties in machine shops and mechanical trades. A feature of work in this de- 
partment that is peculiarly constructive, involving creative skill and accurate 

workmanship in all stages of the process, is the making and 
Making Castings finishing of castings for College-built machines. Patterns for 

the castings are designed and constructed by the students in 
the wood-working shops. They are then set up and molded in sand at the foun- 
dry, where the "casting" is periodically done. "Pouring a heat," as the process 
of casting is called, makes a picturesque and interesting spectacle, often accom- 
panied, at certain stages of the work, with displays of fire-works altogether thrill- 
ing. When cooled, the castings so made at the foundry are cleaned of all sand 
and freed from irregularities. Thus prepared, they are taken to the machine shop, 
where they go through various processes of sawing, drilling, turning on the lathes, 
planing, or other treatment, according to the respective purposes for which they 
were made. 

By this interesting but exacting procedure, students in the regular and voca- 
tional courses have built, in the course of the present college year, a large hydraulic 
testing machine for the Experimental Engineering laboratory, five speed lathes 

for the pattern shop, two emery-grinding stands, one vertical 
Results and . , . . . . , 

Purpose & as engine, one horizontal gas engine, several jack screws, 

varying in capacity from one to three tons, castings for a 

stamp mill, and for a mortising machine, as well as a large number of castings for 

general repairs and construction work about the College. The object of this work 

is to stimulate constructive ability in the students, to furnish them with specific, 

practical, tasks such as they would encounter in the mechanical industries existing 

in the West today, and to develop responsibility, control of machinery, and a 

power of definite achievement. 

The work is specifically laid out for a year in advance, and it progresses with 

48 




FOUNDRY 

ILLUSTRATING STEPS IN THE HANDLING OF MOLDS, "POURING A HEAT," AND 
THE MAKING OF CASTINGS 



the regularity that characterizes any great business concern. Much of the work 
is carried on by vocational students, who thus gain a practical working knowledge 
of the processes and machinery that belong to the iron-work- 
. ing and wood-working industries as they are conducted in 

the Pacific Northwest today. The instruction employed is 
not such as would be found in the trade schools of the East, where students are 
fitted for some particular task in a factory; it is a much broader type of training, 
involving larger initiative, a wider responsibility, and more versatile resources — 
qualifications that are conspicuously needed in the business of Oregon and neigh- 
boring states, where factories are few, but where all sorts of engineering and mech- 
anical activities, constantly under way and constantly increasing, have to be 
carried on under rather elementary conditions. 

Highway engineering is rapidly taking prominence in Oregon, where coopera- 
tive movements for permanent highways are already making notable progress, 
and where individual communities are vying with one another in their effort to 
lay a proper foundation for transportation. In Oregon, indeed, 
E . . interest is more than keeping pace with the general inter- 

est throughout the country, especially in an effort to replace 
temporary work with enduring highways. In 1911 one hundred and forty-two 
million dollars were expended by the various states of the Union on public roads, 
only a small fraction of which was for permanent structures. In Oregon during 
1914 it is estimated that four million dollars were spent on the roads. 

In the face of such large expenditures, it is evident that some pioneer services 
are necessary to determine how fully the results are justifying the outlay, and how 
such considerable sums can be spent to better advantage. The College is doing 
constructive work in this great campaign for permanent highways, and is ready 
to give assistance to any community in launching its organization for the work. 
Irrigation engineering, including sanitary and drainage engineering, is neces- 
sarily important in a State where large areas of land have been made wondrously 
productive under irrigation, where an abundance of streams and springs make 
possible in many a rural community the establishment of 
Engineering individual water systems, including sewers, and where the 

heavy lowlands of some of the great valleys await only the 
establishment of proper tiling systems to become as productive as the best of 
soils. Hence the instruction in hydraulics, which is made especially convenient 
by the proximity of the Willamette and Mary's Rivers, Oak Creek, and the Mill 
Race, as well as by means of the Station's irrigation plant, is given a distinctly 
practical turn, along with the essential instruction in theoretical principles. 
Throughout all the courses in irrigation engineering the students are taught to 
attack actual problems, such, for instance, as the effect of rainfall on the stream 
flow and underground water supply of evaporation; causes of waterlogging of 

50 




MACHINE SHOPS 

SHOWING VOCATIONAL STUDENTS FINISHING CASTINGS MADE AT THE FOUNDRY, ASSEMBLING 
THE PARTS OF MACHINES, AND ERECTING MACHINERY 



the soil; the formation of alkali deposits on irrigated lands; the duty of water 
in irrigation; the proper location of irrigation systems and irrigation structures 
such as dams, flumes, gates, and measuring devices, as well as the design of dams 
and the location of reservoirs. 

The department recently issued a bulletin, in conjunction with the department 
of Bacteriology, on Septic Tanks and Absorption Systems for rural homes.* 

Water power in most sections of Oregon is convenient and abundant. Moun- 
tain torrents, great waterfalls, and powerful rivers offer a compelling challenge 
to the inventive workman as well as to the electrical engineer. Hydro-electric 
systems, varying from a crude coordination of an overshot 
Engineering waterwheel and a small dynamo, to the most compact and 

finished of modern generating plants for household and farm 
purposes, are found here and there throughout the State, even in the most remote 
situations. Several commercial generating plants of immense capacity have 
already been installed for the general distribution of light and power, and electric 
railroading has gained a secure footing in the more populous sections of the State. 
Under these conditions, coupled with the extensive use of electricity in city 
communities, the field for electrical engineering in Oregon is altogether prom- 
ising. Its invitation to aggressive leadership on the part of the college-trained 
man, is yearly growing keener, as population and industrial enterprises increase. 
The adequate utilization of the millions of horse-power now tumbling into useless 
foam at the foot of our many waterfalls, so that they shall yield the largest effi- 
ciency at the least cost, so that natural advantages shall not be sacrificed, and 
that the largest good shall come to the largest number of people, is a task in 
which the College is doing constructive service. Already the revolutionary 
effects of a larger use of electrical energy are becoming apparent in the lives of 
our people — in improved communication and its consequent social advantages, 
in larger comforts, in quicker and better transportation, and in a more convenient 
and refined mode of life. 

Experimental Engineering, which is chiefly in the nature of a service depart- 
ment for all the other departments of engineering, mining, and forestry, is ae- 
signed to introduce the student to the processes of engineering investigation. 

It teaches him how to make practical tests of steam and gas 
Experimental . , , . . ,, 

Engineering engines, water wheels, pumps, air compressors, and other 

power machinery; how to determine the strength of building 

materials, including timber, metal, and cement; how to calculate and verify 

different means of power transmission; how to determine the efficiency 

of various road-building materials; how to measure water for irrigation, and 

how to work out problems in irrigation, logging, reinforced concrete, etc. The 

department has the usual massive and exact equipment for this work, which is 

one of the most responsible phases of modern engineering instruction. 

College Bulletin 100. 

52 




WOOD SHOPS 

SHOWING VOCATIONAL STUDENTS AND OTHERS AT WORK WITH THE PLANER, 
THE LATHES, AND WITH HAND TOOLS 




CIVIL AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 

SHOWING GLIMSES OF BUILDINGS, LABORATORIES, AND FIELD EXERCISES 



ir 



^ 





EXPERIMENTAL ENGINEERING 

SHOWING VIEWS OF THE DEPARTMENT'S THREE LABORATORIES 
— EXPERIMENTAL, GAS, AND STEAM 



.iffijilL 



SCHOOL OF FORESTRY. 

Oregon is the queen of the timbered States of the Union. Her mountain ranges 
are plumed with a wealth of Douglas fir, spruce, hemlock, cedar, and yellow pine: 
her valleys are majestic with primeval forests of the tallest and straightest of 
cone-bearing trees. One-sixth of all the standing timber of the United States is 
massed within the borders of Oregon. Her national forests alone contain an 
aggregate of over 130 billions of feet, board measure, while this is less than one- 
third of the merchantable timber of the State. A triumphant future awaits the 
development of the lumber business of Oregon, conserved and directed by an 
intelligent regard for the science of forestry. 

The Oregon Agricultural College has the most fortunate field in America for 
the development of a great school of forestry. The abundance and variety of 
timber in the State, the proximity to the College of two great national forests — 
the Santiam and the Siuslaw — the forest holdings by the State, and by the city 
of Corvallis, as well as the immediate neighborhood of logging camps, and saw- 
mill operations, make up an environment for the study of scientific forestry that 
cannot be duplicated elsewhere in America. 

The School of Forestry at the College, like the lumber business of the State, is 
still barely at the threshold of its career. It has had pioneering service to do, 
amid pioneer surroundings; and in its campaign for forest protection, on the one 
hand, and for a proficient and progressive training for Oregon's young foresters, 
on the other hand, it has met with the good fellowship and cordial cooperation 
of the leaders in the timber industries of the Pacific Northwest. In conjunction 
with the State Board of Forestry, the school is exerting a wide and penetrating 
influence for the conservation of the State's abundant heritage in timber; in 
cooperation with some of the leading loggers of Oregon and Washington, it is 
working out regular programs for giving to the students in Logging Engineering 
the practical experience they so seriously need, while at the same time affording 

56 




FORESTRY 

SHOWING STUDENTS WHO ARE ENGAGED IN FIELD WORK, AS WELL AS A CLASS IN CAMP COOKERY 



' 




CAUTHORN HALL, WOMEN S DORMITORY 



them employment during their vacations, and giving the loggers the services of 
trained and ambitious workers. In association with the representatives of the 
national Forest Service, it has undertaken, each spring, a ten-days' field trip for 
work in practical surveying, mapping, and timber cruising in the national forest. 

Thus, by a policy that seeks the cooperation of all the varied interests that 
are responsibly concerned with the timber and forest resources of Oregon, as well 
as by a plan of instruction that supplements the most authoritative features of 
the theory of forestry with the most vigorous, business-like, and practical experi- 
ence in the field, the school of forestry strives to make its work not only immedi- 
ately effective but permanently and harmoniously constructive. 

Some day, not very remote now, in view of the rapid depletion of the timbered 
areas of the states east of the Rockies, the logging and lumber industries in Oregon 
will receive a tremendous impetus. Logging camps will multiply, mills will 
increase in numbers and magnitude, and such plants as those for wood distillation, 
timber preservation, and lumber finishing, will add their busy hum to the inter- 
mittent whine of the huge saws, the roar of the log carriage, and the crash of 
piling boards under the guidance of the lumber graders. To be ready for that day, 
and to meet its responsibilities in the light of a secure future for Oregon's forest 
resources, is one of the functions of the School of Forestry, which offers to the 
young men of the Pacific Northwest exceptional opportunities for leadership in 
this virile and fascinating profession. 

58 



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SCHOOL OF MINES. 

Oregon's mineral industries are still in their infancy. They await the leaders 
who can guide them into a competent and aggressive independence. States that 
border Oregon are rich in mineral products: Washington to the north, Idaho to 
the east, and California to the south, all have had, and still enjoy, a versatile and 
abundant mineral wealth. Oregon's geological conditions are identical in most 
essentials with those of her neighbors. Corresponding riches, under corresponding 
methods of development, should naturally follow. 

Until recent years, however, lack of authoritative information concerning 
mineral resources in Oregon has given her but one-fourth the $17,000,000 worth 
of mineral products that Washington has turned out, and but one-twentieth of 
the $86,000,000 worth of minerals that California has produced. Under the 
encouragement of scientific data, however, the worth of the metals produced in 
Oregon has increased during the past two years one hundred and sixty per cent. 
The School of Mines of the Agricultural College, in cooperation with the Oregon 
Bureau of Mines, has shown conclusively that while $135,000,000 worth of gold 
and silver has been recovered from Oregon's mines, yet there are extensive and 
altogether promising areas where little prospecting and no development work 
has yet been undertaken. Thus it seems probable that Oregon's harvest of these 
precious metals is only at its beginning. 

Many other minerals, not a few of them of first importance for commercial 
and structural purposes, are found in abundance in different sections of Oregon. 
Limestone and shale, suitable for the manufacture of cement and quicklime are 
plentiful in several localities; clays of all kinds and qualities are widely distrib- 
uted; building and ornamental stones of many varieties and of choice quality 
have been located in different parts of the State; coal, chromite, copper, lead, 
zinc, iron, and asbestos are still other minerals that exist, in more or less promising 
quantities, in the State, while the nickel deposits near Riddle give promise of 
being the most important in the United - States. 

This is a remarkable mineral endowment. Yet in the face of such native wealth, 
Oregon imports annually millions of dollars worth of geological products, at least 
three-fourths of which could be profitably produced within her own borders. To 
remedy this unfortunate commercial condition, is one of the leading objects of 
the School of Mines. Not only by making authentic surveys of the State's geo- 
logical resources, conducted chiefly through the Oregon Bureau of Mines, but also 
by turning out competently trained men who appreciate Oregon's opportunity 
in the field of mining and ceramics, and are able to lead the way in the intelligent 
exploitation of this field, the School of Mines is making splendid progress. 

60 




MIXES 

SHOWING THE MUSEUM, WITH GLIMPSES OF THE LABORATORIES IX GEOLOGY, 
CERAMICS, AND ORE DRESSING 




A GLIMPSE FROM WALDO HALL LOOKING NORTH 



Its ultimate success in this campaign will mean the flow of a rich revenue 
through the commercial arteries of the State, not for a decade only, but for all 
time. Those who take part in this vast plan of development will perform an 
enduring service for the State. They must be trained men, with knowledge and 
skill to afford intelligent leadership; and they must be men of vision, who will 
not let the petty discouragements of an hour obscure the goal of splendid achieve- 
ment that the future has in store. Their program, which is not for a day, is 
identical with that of the College — to make detailed and comprehensive surveys 
of the mineral resources of the State; to determine the fitness of the respective 
minerals for use in the business of the commonwealth; to indicate the probable 
extent to which these minerals may be made profitably available through prac- 
ticable means of mining or manufacture; and to make known the fundamentals 
of the sciences and engineering practices necessary for the successful prosecution 
of the great mining and ceramic industries. 




THE NEW MEN'S GYMNASIUM (INCOMPLETE) 

62 




MINIATURES OF THE 1914 PAGEAN1 



SCHOOL OF HOME ECONOMICS. 

The School of Home Economics in the Oregon Agricultural College is one of 
the most important factors in the organization of the institution. Its growth 
has been phenomenal, its enrollment for the present year being second only to 
that of the School of Agriculture. Its activities, both in resident instruction and 
in extension service, have developed as rapidly as its enrollment. In spite of 
heavy class and laboratory duties, as well as excessive obligations incident to 
student organizations and institutional events, the members of the faculty have 
engaged in important research and investigational work, and have directed the 
studies of advanced students in this important field. The attitude of the admin- 
istrative authorities of the school toward this work is well shown by the report 
of the Dean of the School of Home Economics for the year 1914-15, which says: 
"It is eminently fitting that the School of Home Economics carry out a series of 
experiments relating to home problems. So little actual information exists con- 
cerning household matters that a great fielo. is open to some institution to estab- 
lish a department of household experimental work and to publish the results of 
their investigations." 

Only the briefest outline of the investigational work of the school can be offered 
here. Even the mention of some of the efforts that have been launched, however, 
will show the significance of the work. Exhaustive studies relating to the cooking 
qualities of various Oregon apples at different seasons of the year have been carried 
out, and the result published in bulletin form.* Studies relating to pears and also 
to the uses of loganberries have been occupying the attention of graduate students. 
A course in experimental cookery, which has enrolled twelve senior students, has 
directed the work of investigating various individual short problems. Thus, 
experiments have been made on the cooking qualities of the leading varieties of 
potatoes raised on arid, irrigated, and valley lands. Other experiments have 
sought to determine the comparative value of spring salmon and fall salmon in 
various cooked products. Still other experiments aim to determine the value for 
home and institutional use of various meals now on the market, such as pea, 
bean, and lentil meals, which give promise of general usefulness; and the com- 
parative value of eggs of different degrees of freshness, as well as eggs preserved 
in water glass and in various other ways, for the making of such delicate egg 
products as mayonnaise. 

Domestic Art problems, such as the different methods of finishing woods for 
house interiors, and the various color schemes possible for interior finish with the 
western woods commonly used in interior house construction, have also occupied 
the attention of advanced students in Home Economics. 

•Station Bulletin 124. 

64 




DOMESTIC SCIENCE 

SHOWING SEVERAL OF THE DIFFERENT LABORATORIES AND THE SMALL DINING ROOM 



Plans are made, and are being carried out as rapidly as the time and the 
resources of the school permit, for experiments with the common Oregon fuels, 
to determine their comparative economy and efficiency; for testing the various 
"labor-saving" devices for the household, and for a variety of investigational 
studies concerning the science and art of home-making and institutional manage- 
ment. 

Not the least of the school's efforts in opening up new avenues for home better- 
ment, for community progress, and for civic righteousness, are its extension 
services throughout the State — its personal contact with parent-teachers' associa- 
tions, community centers, civic improvement leagues, women's clubs, granges, 
and various other organizations designed to blaze a trail to a larger, more fraternal, 
and more spiritualized private and public life. 



MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 

The Military organization of the College consists of one regiment of infantry 
having three battalions of four companies each. It includes also a hospital 
corps, a signal corps detachment, and a double band of fifty pieces. The organ- 
ization is maintained at the behest of the United States Government, which dele- 
gates an officer of the United States Army, with two assistants, to direct the 
work as Commandant. The eight hundred men enrolled in the organization 
receive, in the course of their military training, a very superior type of discipline: 
which not only improves their personal bearing and helps to cultivate habits of 
restraint, decision, and alertness: but improves their health as well. 

The Regiment has repeatedly taken high rank in the official reports concern- 
ing the cadet regiments of the land-grant colleges throughout the country, and has 
been a source of congratulation to the College on all occasions. 




THE ARMORY 
66 




DOMESTIC ART 



VIEWS Ot THE SEWING, BASKETRY, AND DRESSMAKING LABORATORIES 
EXHIBIT OF MILLINERY MADE BY A 1914 CLASS 



TOGETHER WITH AN 



SCHOOL OF COMMERCE. 

The School of Commerce, which is ranked among the few best in the country, 
has been a national leader in evolving systems of farm accounts, farm records, 
and various devices for insuring a simple and accurate method of determining 

the net profit of farm operations, and the expense of house- 
Pioneering the iii-i 
New Agriculture n0 '" maintenance. It lias been a leader also in the cam- 
paign for improved methods of marketing farm products, 
maintaining that the most acute defect in the machinery of agricultural operations 
today is the loss of value in transferring products from producers to consumers, 
or the diversion of profits to those among the handlers of these products who 
have not earned them. Accordingly, it has taken the initiative, at the request 
of the farmers, in the organization of various cooperative associations throughout 
the State, some of which have already made conspicuous successes in the conduct 
of their affairs. It has also interested itself in the various systems of community 
organization that make for greater efficiency in business, in social relations, and 
in the betterment of the rural home.** Noting the successful examples of these 
modern movements in various European countries that have enriched themselves 
through a progressive agriculture, it has adapted these methods to local condi- 
tions and made its recommendations accordingly. 

Rural credit, that gives to the farmer such privileges as the business man of 
the city commonly enjoys at the hands of his local banks, especially cooperative 
credit associations, rural insurance, and equitable methods of taxing farm prop- 
And the New erties, are still others of the paramount problems that are 

Search for engaging the attention of the School of Commerce. Through 

the Bureau of statistics, one of the departments of the School, 
a vast amount of important data is being accumulated, and classified, which is 
proving to be an ever-increasing asset in the study of the economic problems of 
the Pacific Northwest. Rural Law, still another subject of vital importance to 
the average citizen of Oregon, has been given merited attention at the hands of 
the School of Commerce, which has recently issued a summary of its important 
principles in bulletin form.f Aside from this pioneering attack upon the great 
rural problems, the School is also enlisted in the present-day movement for effi- 
ciency in the conduct of all types of business — through attention to the big human 
problems involved, as well as to the details of office equipment, filing devices, 
etc., that make for economy and for power. 



•College Bulletin 33. 
"College BulL-tin 71. 
tCollege Bulletin 196. 



68 




COMMERCE 

SHOWING VARIOUS ACTIVITIES IN THE BUST DEPARTMENTS OF THIS EFFICIENT SCHOOL 



PHARMACY. 

The more exacting standards regarding the licensing of physicians, phar- 
macists, and assistant pharmacists, the new demand for pure food and drugs, 
and the consequent warfare on adulterants, have given new importance to well- 
equipped schools of pharmacy and imposed upon them additional responsibilities. 
A school of pharmacy located in a state agricultural college and having access 
to its extensive facilities for investigation and instruction in chemistry, bacteri- 
ology, zoology, botany and other allied subjects, has many advantages over an 
independent school, however adequately equipped in other respects. Through 
contact with the energizing and broadening influences of other departments 
charged with important functions by both State and Nation, it takes on an added 
dignity and a more penetrating method of work. 

Under the new administration of the department, improved organization 
has increased its efficiency and added new courses of instruction. A sustained 
effort is being made, moreover, not only to equip students of all courses in the 
department to meet the responsibilities which the law exacts of them, but to be- 
come exponents of the highest ideals and the most exacting attainments of the 
profession. Steps have been taken, also, to utilize the peculiar opportunities 
offered by an experiment station by establishing a drug garden for the experi- 
mental culture of various native and acclimated drug plants. 

A two-years course, designed especially to meet the requirements of the Am- 
erican Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties, and leading to the degree of 
Ph. G. (graduate in pharmacy), has recently been added to the regular long courses 
leading to the baccalaureate degree. Never before has the department been 
so competently qualified to exercise a useful influence and a constructive leader- 
ship in the pharmaceutical profession of the Pacific Northwest. 




ONE OF THE TWELVE CADET COMPANIES 




PHARMACY 

SHORING LABORATORIES AND SIGN-PAINTING ROOM 



THE EXTENSION SERVICE. 

The Extension Service of the College is the newest of its three grand divisions 

of work; namely, Investigation, Instruction, and Extension. Investigation, 

which includes all work of the Experiment Station, is essentially a search for 

fundamental truth: it is the foundation work without which 

jec s o ^ e ^j ier two g ranc j divisions would soon become sterile and 

hxtension service. 

ineffective. Instruction, which includes all work of teaching 

students at the institution, is the most conspicuous and distinctive feature of the 
College life; it gives motive and vitality to the investigational work, and trans- 
mits it not only to the present but to the future. Extension Service, which in- 
cludes all means of imparting the message of the College to the people in their 
own communities, is virtually a sowing broadcast throughout the State of the 
available truths worked out by the Experiment Station or found applicable for 
resident instruction. It aims to benefit the many, rather than the few, and to 
make practical and immediate application of the great body of scientific knowledge 
that only awaits the right means of circulation to work a revolution in the agri- 
cultural and industrial welfare of the State. 

The Extension Service at the Oregon Agricultural College, like that in similar 

institutions of other states, has advanced by giant strides. Four years ago it 

was a hopeful plan. Today it is a convincing reality, with a force of thirty-two 

aggressive workers, devoting their full time to its program, 

* a J" and with scores of assistants in the persons of Station and 

Growth. 

College officers and instructors. Through its itinerant schools, 
devoted to dairying, horticulture, agronomy, animal husbandry, and home eco- 
nomics; and through its institutes, short courses, and community and individual 
demonstrations, it has reached every county in Oregon during the past year, and 
has responded to calls from every community that was in position to profit by 
its services. Over one hundred thousand people have been reached by its various 
modes of instruction. 

The Industrial Club work of the public schools, one of the most constructive 
features of the Extension Service, fraught with the utmost promise for the future, 
has included projects in gardening, poultry-raising, stock-raising, cooking, can- 
ning, sewing, etc., that have enlisted the ardent energies of 

Club S Work 12 ' 000 boys and girls ' a11 takin S suggestions from the Indus- 

trial Club Leader of the Extension Service, and most of them 
sending to him, at the conclusion of their work, a detailed and informing report 
concerning the progress of their projects. 

72 




EXTENSION 

VISTAS OK THE 1915 FARMERS' AND HOME-M AKERS' WEEK 



The county agricultural work, a form of extension service in which the State 

of Oregon has taken an advanced position among the states of the Union, has 

made remarkable progress since its inauguration in 1914. Thirteen counties 

have already taken the necessary legal steps to enroll in the 

e oun y movement, and have employed county agents to conduct this 

Agents. 

momentous work. Men employed for this service require 

both expert training in a technical college and practical experience in farm work. 
Such men are diligently sought out by the authorities responsible for this work 
and where they are secured, the county agricultural plan works wonders in uniting 
the farmers for better agricultural practices, and for a larger, more aggressive, 
and more prosperous community life. 

At the beginning of the present year, in cooperation with the United States 
Department of Agriculture, the Extension Service employed a man to under- 
take a Farm Management Survey of the State. He selects groups of about sixty 
farms, representing conditions typical of various sections of 

arm anage- tng g^ e Conditions on these farms are analyzed in detail 

ment Survey. 

to determine the net labor income of the various individual 

farms and to determine especially what operations are profitable and what are not. 
Upon the completion of the survey, the information will be taken back to the 
farmers, and analyzed with a view to showing how unprofitable operations may 
be corrected. 

In these and many other ways, increasingly practical, direct, and intimate, 
the Extension Service is taking to the people the benefits of the scientific infor- 
mation that centers in the College, and is bringing back from this contact an 
energizing contribution from a practical and progressive con- 

e utua stituency. Just here springs a benefit from the Extension 

Benefits. ' _ ° 

Service that is rarely if ever emphasized — the responsive 

influence of the community that is reached; the recoil, so to speak, resulting from 
the personal contact of representatives of the State Institution and representa- 
tives of an alert, searching, and aspiring public. In this sense, the Extension 
Service is the lungs of the College organism, vitalizing its circulation, reporting 
the pulse of its constituency, safeguarding it from a cloistered isolation, and 
stimulating it to a keen, competent, and practical service to the commonwealth. 



74 




PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

SOME OK THE FACILITIES FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION FOR MEN 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 

Physical Education, including athletics, both for men and for women, is under 
faculty direction at the Oregon Agricultural College, where it is a regular factor 
in the courses of study required of all for graduation. In this respect the College 
is in the vanguard of those institutions of higher learning throughout the country 
that are giving serious, constructive attention to the health and physical develop- 
ment of their students. Professionally trained faculties have charge of physical 
education and athletic sports for men and for women, respectively, with separate 
and specially equipped gymnasiums. The system of training recently instituted 
at the College, especially in corrective and medical gymnastics, has excited very 
general approval, wherever it has come to the attention of the authorities of 
similar institutions. Its constructive effects are already manifested, and will 
continue to grow, with cumulative results, as time gives opportunity. Its purpose 
is to give to every student, through the most wholesome and spontaneous activi- 
ties that are possible in the given case, such training as will develop a symmetrical 
and self-sustaining physique. 



Investigation, resident instruction, extension — these are the three grand 
divisions of work at the Oregon Agricultural College. This booklet has been 
chiefly concerned with investigation — research, experimentation, and original 
inquiry. This is not, by any means, the sum of the institution's service to the 
State. It is but a fraction of that service. Not all departments of the College 
are represented here, or even mentioned. Those only that are chiefly concerned 
with investigative or experimental work — and that of an economic nature — are 
dealt with. What may be said here, what may be omitted here, is in no sense 
prejudicial to departments not treated. They are as valuable a part, in other 
ways, of a great educational institution, admirably fulfilling its high function, 
its various members working smoothly together in articulate harmony, its policy 
and ideals — manifested through the work of the various schools, and unified by 
a central genius of administration — working steadily toward a splendid solidarity. 
The Oregon Agricultural College aims to give its students not simply the best 
type of technical instruction that the land-grant colleges afford, but a "liberal 
and practical education. in the several pursuits and professions in life." 



76 




PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

FORMAL OUTDOOR EXERCISES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION FUR WOMEN 



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FACTS ABOUT THE OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 

Founded in 1S85. 

Student Publications include The Barometer, issued semi-weekly, The Oregon Countryman 
and The Student Engineer, issued monthly. The C.-P. Journal, issued quarterly, and the 
Junior Annual. 

Presidents. The College has been fortunate in having few changes in the presidency, espe- 
cially in recent years. D. L. Arnold occupied the office from the establishment of the 
College as a State institution up to 1S92: J. M. Bloss from '92 to '96; H. B. Miller from 
'96 to '97; Thomas M. Gatch from '97 to 1907, and William Jasper Kerr from 1907 to 
the present time. 

Faculty and Employees. The faculty comprises six deans, 31 professors, 8 associate pro- 
fessors, 21 assistant professors, 69 instructors, and 23 assistants, besides one hundred and 
fifteen other persons variously employed in instruction, extension, and experimental work. 

Enrollment. The total enrollment in all courses for 1914-15, to March 6, is 4,158. Of these, 
2,598 are men, 1,560 are women; 2,535 are enrolled in the summer and winter short courses, 
1,623 in the regular thirty-six weeks' courses. The schools of Agriculture and Home 
Economics lead all the schools of the College in enrollment, the school of Engineering 
ranking third, Commerce fourth. 

Buildings and Equipment. Fifteen substantial buildings of brick and stone with five 
additional frame buildings, comprise the campus group used for instructional and lab- 
oratory purposes. In addition, two large dormitories for women, both of which are modern 
and attractive, and a dozen or more farm and service buildings are utilized in carrying 
on the work of the College and Expermient Station. 

The equipment throughout the institution is sterling and efficient; representing 
excellent values for the money invested. Since many of the schools have been established 
within the past decade, their entire resources are of the most modern and approved type. 
The Schools of Agriculture, Commerce, Mining, and Home Economics, for instance, are 
equipped to compete with the best of the land-grant colleges, while the school of Engin- 
eering has no superior in the West. 

Environment. The environment of the College, both natural and civic, is ideal. The insti- 
tution is located at Corvallis, in "the heart of the valley," with excellent transportation 
facilities over a half-dozen railroads and a steamboat line on the Willamette river. The 
city itself, which has a population of 6,000, is one of the most beautiful in the State, with 
a civic life altogether alert, wholesome, and attractive. Its citizens take a great interest 
in the College and appreciate their responsibilities as a factor in educating the youthsof 
the Pacific Northwest. 

Student Life. Student self-government has prevailed successfully for four years. Prac- 
tically two-thirds of all the students are wholly or partly self-supporting. The men live 
principally in clubs, the women in two substantial College dormitories, attractively 
situated on the campus. Social life is ample, yet properly restrained, and College inter- 
ests manifest a wholesome enthusiasm for the vocations as well as the avocations of real 
life. Leadership is thus developed through student activities as well as through regular 
college instruction. 

Living expenses are moderate, the necessary outlay of the average student in College 
being about $220 a college year. 

Opportunities for Graduates. In no field today are the opportunities for graduates so 
numerous and attractive as in the fields for which men and women are prepared at the 
Oregon Agricultural College. Agricultural and industrial education are every year 
demanding more competent workers than ever before. The agricultural and mechanical 
industries are waiting for scientifically trained men. Forestry and mining are dynamic 
and almost virgin fields for skilled workers in Oregon, which is one of the richest States 
for these vocations in America. Students, either men or women, competently trained 
in Commerce or Pharmacy, find ready and profitable fields of usefulness, while the young 
woman equipped with the substantial type of education offered in the School of Home 
Economics, is qualified for leadership in many walks of life. 

The school of Music, affiliated with the College, offers instruction in voice, piano, 
violin, orchestra, and band. 



THE STUDENT'S OPPORTUNITY. 



Students of a land-grant college of today — the college where scientific research, investi- 
gation, and experimentation are carried on side by side with resident instruction and with 
extension — become the trail blazers of tomorrow. They learn to lead. They are self-support- 
ing because their education is practical; they acquire initiative and a democratic spirit 
because of the ideals of the land-grant college, which is backed by the State and the Nation. 

THE OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE is one of the leading land-grant colleges 
of the country. It is the largest institution of higher learning in Oregon. It comprisessix 
schools of instruction, with 26 subdivisions, offering degrees. Entrance to these regular 
four-years degree courses requires a standard high school course of study as preparation. 
Entrance to the vocational courses requires an eighth grade preparation, or equivalent 
practical experience on the part of mature applicants. 

Following are the Courses of Study leading to degrees: 

In the SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE, major courses in— 



(a) General Agriculture 

(b) Agronomy 

(c) Animal Husbandry 

(d) Dairy Husbandry 

(e) Horticulture 

(f) Poultry Husbandry 



(g) Agricultural Chemistry 

(h) Agricultural Bacteriology 

(i) Botany and Plant Pathology 

(j) Economic Entomology 

(k) Economic Zoology 

(1) Agricultural Education 



In the SCHOOL OF FORESTRY, major courses in— 

(a) General Forestry (b) Logging Engineering 

In the SCHOOL OF HOME ECONOMICS, major courses in— 

(a) Domestic Science (c) Home Administration 

(b) Domestic Art (d) Institutional Management 

In the SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, major courses in— 

(a) *Civil Engineering 

(b) Electrical Engineering 
(e) Mechanical Engineering 



(d) Highway Engineering 

(e) Irrigation Engineering 

(f) Industrial Arts 



In the SCHOOL OF MINES, major courses in— 

(a) Mining Engineering (c) Chemical Engineering 

(b) Ceramic Engineering 

In the SCHOOL OF COMMERCE, a major course in— 
(a) Commerce 

In the department of PHARMACY, a course in — 
(a) Pharmacy 

In addition to the above baccalaureate courses, provision has been made for the following 
VOCATIONAL COURSES: 

A. Agriculture (one year) 

B. Dairying (one year) 

C. Home Makers' Course (one year) 

D. Mechanic Arts (three years) 

E. Forestry (November 2 to April 16) 

F. Business Short Course (two years) 

G. Pharmacy (two years) leading to degree of Ph. G. 

•No work below Sophomore grade will be given in Civil Engineering during the year 1914-15. 

Write to the REGISTRAR, OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Corvallis, Ore.. 
lor a copy of the College Catalogue. 







ART AXD ARCHITECTURE 



SHOWING CLASS EXERCISES, SPECIMEN'S OF STUDENT HANDIWORK IN POTTERY, JEWELERY. 
ETC., AND DETAILS OF DESIGNS WORKED OUT BY STUDENTS FROM ASSIGNED ELEMENTS 




^ 



"The Agricultural and Mechanical Colleges have occupied a new field in education. Without 
precedent or guide, they hare had to hew their men way through the thicket of -prejudice and sus- 
picion. "—President W. J. Kerr, Oregon Agricultural College. 

"We have no institutions better adapted to build up a true American citizenship than our 
Agricultural and Mechanical Colleges, where literary, ethical, scientific, industrial, and military 
training arc blended into a strong, sensible, inspirational scheme of education." — U.S. Senator 
Knute Nelson, of Minnesota. 

"The College aims to bring its advantages as near to all the people as possible; to provide a 
liberal, thorough, and practical education. Special emphasis is placed upon the importance of 
practical training; the application of scientific principles; yet the disciplinary value of education 
is kept constantly in view. It is recognized that the man and the woman come before the vocation 
or the profession; am! in all the work throughout tin institution the object is to develop high ideals 
of manhood ami womanhood, to foster all that makes for right living and good citizenship." — Presi- 
ili nl II'. ./. Kerr, Oregon Agricultural College. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




002 783 965 4' 



COLLEGE BULLETIN 

ISSUED MONTHLY 

NO. TWO HUNDRED 

JUNE, 1915 



ENTERED AS SECOND CLASS MATTER 
NOVEMBER 27. 1909. AT THE POST- 
OFFICE AT CORVALL1S. OREGON. 
UNDER THE ACT OF JULY 16, 1894 



pres 

JAMES. KERNS ft 
PORTLAND 






LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




□ 005753^54 






Hollinger Corp. 
pH8.5 



